The video provides an in-depth exploration of Leonardo da Vinci’s creation of "The Last Supper," commissioned by Il Moro for the refectory in the monastery planned as a mausoleum for his family. The narrative covers the artistic challenges faced by Leonardo, including the complex layout and emotional narrative required for this fresco, and describes his innovative techniques that allowed him to work at a slower pace to perfect the dramatic expressions of the apostles.

Leonardo’s process is vividly described in terms of the technical ingenuity he employed, such as using oil and tempera instead of traditional fresco techniques, enabling him to layer pigments and create luminous effects. The video emphasizes Leonardo's focus on the psychological depth of the characters, capturing the moment Jesus reveals one of the apostles will betray him, and the subsequent ripples of emotion across the group.

Main takeaways from the video:

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Key Vocabularies and Common Phrases:

1. mausoleum [ˌmɔːsəˈliːəm] - (noun) - A building, especially a large and stately one, housing a tomb or tombs. - Synonyms: (tomb, crypt, sepulcher)

In the early 1490s, Il Moro had chosen a monastery to serve as a mausoleum for his family.

2. refectory [rɪˈfɛktəri] - (noun) - A room used for communal meals, especially in an educational or religious institution. - Synonyms: (dining hall, mess hall, canteen)

To adorn the south wall of the refectory, Sforza commissioned a fresco of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.

3. fresco [ˈfrɛskoʊ] - (noun) - A technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster. - Synonyms: (mural, wall painting, secco)

Rather than follow the traditional technique for fresco, in which pigments, ground and water are painted on wet plaster and bind to the wall in a matter of hours, Leonardo used a mixture of oil and temperature that he concocted himself.

4. clostered [ˈklɔstərd] - (adjective) - Kept away from the outside world; sheltered. - Synonyms: (isolated, secluded, shut away)

The site featured a cloistered garden, quarters for the monks, a sacristy and the recently completed church of Santa Maria delle Grazie.

5. adoration [ˌædəˈreɪʃən] - (noun) - Deep love and respect. - Synonyms: (awe, veneration, devotion)

...featuring multiple figures engaged in a complex, dynamic narrative on a physical scale much larger than any of his previous works, including the abandoned adoration of the Magi.

6. sacristy [ˈsækrɪsti] - (noun) - A room in a church where a priest prepares for a service. - Synonyms: (vestry, chancel, presbytery)

The site featured a cloistered garden, quarters for the monks, a sacristy and the recently completed church of Santa Maria delle Grazie.

7. charismatic [ˌkærɪzˈmætɪk] - (adjective) - Exerting a compelling charm which inspires devotion in others. - Synonyms: (charming, captivating, enchanting)

It's an incredibly emotional moment where we have this charismatic religious leader with his band of brothers, and they're meeting in an occupied city whose authorities are plotting against them.

8. psychological [ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkəl] - (adjective) - Related to the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior. - Synonyms: (mental, cognitive, emotional)

Leonardo da Vinci had magnificently rendered the gestures both subtle and dramatic that testified to the psychological states of his subjects.

9. transcendental [ˌtrænsɛnˈdɛntl] - (adjective) - Relating to or denoting mystical or supernatural matters. - Synonyms: (spiritual, metaphysical, esoteric)

...this painting has that transformative, transcendental aspect to it.

10. meditation [ˌmɛdɪˈteɪʃən] - (noun) - A written or spoken discourse expressing considered thoughts on a subject. - Synonyms: (contemplation, reflection, introspection)

For him, painting was an entire philosophical meditation.

How “The Last Supper” was Painted - Leonardo da Vinci - PBS

In the early 1490s, Il Moro had chosen a monastery to serve as a mausoleum for his family, home to an order of Dominican friars. The site featured a cloistered garden, quarters for the monks, a sacristy and the recently completed church of Santa Maria delle Grazie.

To adorn the south wall of the refectory, Sforza commissioned a fresco of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. For the north end, Leonardo was to paint a scene suitable for the monks who dined there in silent contemplation, the final meal Christ shared with his apostles before he was crucified. The Last Supper. It would be his most ambitious painting to date, featuring multiple figures engaged in a complex, dynamic narrative on a physical scale much larger than any of his previous works, including the abandoned adoration of the Magi.

It's a difficult subject for painters because it's a long, thin, wide picture which is slightly difficult to organize and you want some drama or Leonardo wanted drama in it. For the most part, less Supper paintings would be very sedate scenes. If you look at these paintings, Christ and the apostles ranged across the table, mostly in silence, eating, maybe one or two talking together. And they're very placid scenes. Una dimensione multo grande, Una scala multo grande. Si curamente uno casione di provada Il propio valore la propea capacita com epitore my anche un enormous fida PI grande. La compositione pugrande sono le figura puglia, Rory sono visibiri di cono le se le fonte della poca.

He bought a Bible, a widely read Italian language edition that had been translated from Latin two decades earlier. The Gospels, the books attributed to Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, offered varied but similar accounts of the evening on which Jesus gathered his 12 apostles and during dinner staggered them with a declaration. He that dippeth his hand with me in the dish, the same shall betray me.

It's an incredibly emotional moment where we have this charismatic religious leader with his band of brothers, and they're meeting in an occupied city whose authorities are plotting against them, and of course, sitting in their midst as a traitor, the one who's going to betray the leader. And I think Leonardo was probably electrified by this story and he was going to tell it in a very dramatic, theatrical way, a way in which no artist previously had thought about, let alone attempted.

Leonardo began exploring how the disciples, roiled by Christ's words, would twist their limbs, wring their hands and distort their faces. One who was drinking and has left the glass where it was and turned his head towards the speaker. Another, weaving the fingers of his hands together, turns frowning to his companion.

For Leonardo, he had to understand how the body worked as a responsive machine. What happens when Christ says, one of you will betray me with the brain and the nervous impulses and so on. He would see if he was looking, say, at a disciple who reacts to Christ's pronouncement by, say, throwing out their arms. That figure is expressing il concetto dell'anima, the purpose of the mind, purpose of the soul. It's a way of expressing character and expressing emotion.

Leonardo erected scaffolding along the north end of the refectory and began his mural first by coating the wall with a layer of plaster, then a binding agent, and on top of that, a primer of lead white. He pounded nails into the plaster for reference and used a ruler to draw construction lines and a stylus to etch grids. Using the incisions, he laid out the scene's ceiling and walls, constructing a space with realistic scale and depth and geometric harmony. One nail hole at the very center would serve as the point at which all perspective lines would converge. It was where he would paint the face of Christ.

Filippo Simone Matteo he made sketches in chalk and used a brush to paint outlines directly atop the plaster. Pietro Andrea Bartolomeo the moment you lay down the first mark of the first line, you're engaged in a process of evaluating every next step and understanding whether or not you have to make some major changes or some minor changes. This is what's going on all the way through the process.

Rather than follow the traditional technique for fresco, in which pigments, ground and water are painted on wet plaster and bind to the wall in a matter of hours, Leonardo used a mixture of oil and temperature that he concocted himself. This allowed him the luxury of painting during a long process of time. So he was not limited to eight hours a day and just one part of the design. And it also, very importantly, allowed him to create the transitions of tone and the transitions of light, because you could not get the effect of light with fresco.

In layer upon layer, he applied the pigments that would, over time, bring the scene to life, often disregarding his initial outlines as the contours of his design evolved. For Christ's garments, he used vermilion, a pigment made from a brick red mineral called cinnabar, an ultramarine created by crushing lapis lazuli, a costly but brilliant blue metamorphic rock that could only be found in Afghanistan.

Often he would not put down his brush from first light until nightfall, forgetting to eat and drink, wrote the novelist Mateo Bandello, who as a boy had watched as Leonardo toiled on the mural. On other days, he added little to the wall. Meanwhile, Sforza had grown impatient with Leonardo's unhurried pace and directed his secretary to draft a revised agreement that would impose a deadline on the artist.

Within months, Leonardo was finished. The mural rose 15ft from bottom to top and spanned 29ft across the refectory's north wall. It showcased his gift for blending tones and colors, his mastery of light and shadow, and his command of geometry, which he wielded with great precision to bring harmony to a moment of cha.

It's often said he's portraying a moment, that it's like a kind of flash photograph of what's going on. It is, in a way, but it's more complicated than that, because if you look in the picture, the main thing is that Christ saying is, one of you will betray me. And they're all saying, is it I? Is an eye? Is it I? And this central figure totally focused on what's going to happen the next day.

And on the sign that he's giving of the offering of his body and blood, he gazes down in deep sadness. He doesn't look at the apostles, and all the disciples react in a particular way, apart from Judas, who's rigid and his tendons on his neck stick out because he's aware of what's going to happen. The announcement of betrayal then ripples out. This was the heart of the painting for him because it allowed him to show gesture and action and facial expression, the motions of the mind.

All of this three, four seconds that happens at this table is unfolding before our eyes in this single image. And the brilliance of him being able to bring this off is truly astounding. Leonardo da Vinci had magnificently rendered the gestures both subtle and dramatic that testified to the psychological states of his subjects. And he had resoundingly answered the question that he had asked himself many times before.

Tell me if anything was ever done. For him, painting was an entire philosophical meditation. It is so much a process of thinking, of engaging, of feeling that was essential in his creative process. And really, this is part of the reason that this painting has that transformative, transcendental aspect to it. When we go as viewers and look at it, we all fall into the same reverie.

Leonardo Da Vinci, Art, History, Innovation, Education, Psychology, Pbs