The video explores the powerful influence of names and geography on identity and culture. Names allow us to communicate, share ideas, and construct identities. They play a crucial role in human geography, helping us understand how humans interact with different spaces, shaped by social, economic, and political forces. The video emphasizes how names set the cultural and historical context of a place, influencing the perception and identity associated with a location.
The narration delves into the dynamics of power reflected in geographical naming conventions. Through the example of Mount McKinley and its renaming to Denali, it illustrates how names signify cultural and societal shifts, reflecting who holds power. This process often results in a redefinition of regions and highlights the struggle for identity and cultural recognition, demonstrating how local and indigenous groups often fight for the restoration of their cultural significance in a landscape.
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Key Vocabularies and Common Phrases:
1. toponym [ˈtɒpənɪm] - (noun) - A place name, especially one derived from a topographical feature. - Synonyms: (place name, geographic name, site name)
Machu Picchu, or the Great Wall or Long Wall of China or the Yucatan Peninsula, or whatever name we give a place is called a toponym, and it's an important part of how we think about the place.
2. spatial patterns [ˈspeɪʃəl ˈpætərnz] - (noun) - Patterns that occur over space or the arrangement of objects on the Earth's surface. - Synonyms: (distribution, arrangement, configuration)
This story focuses on the spatial patterns of people and how we've made sense of the places we inhabit, explore, or create.
3. prospectors [ˈprɒspɛktərz] - (noun) - Individuals who search for and explore areas, especially for mineral resources. - Synonyms: (explorers, miners, seekers)
This mountain got the name Mount McKinley from a gold prospector from Ohio who wrote about it in the New York sun newspaper in 1897.
4. belonging [bɪˈlɔːŋɪŋ] - (noun) - A feeling of security and support when there is a sense of acceptance, inclusion, and identity. - Synonyms: (affiliation, association, inclusion)
The tools we'll need moving forward are actually concepts that help guide our thinking, like the idea of place, or the meaning we give a location, and the sense of belonging we derive from constructing a place physically and in our minds.
5. identity [aɪˈdɛntəti] - (noun) - The characteristics, traits, or beliefs that distinguish or identify a person or group. - Synonyms: (character, individuality, personality)
And if we dig into the history of a toponym, we'll learn the history of the location itself and see how it's changed over time and how different political and cultural forces work to create the place's identity
6. cultural geography [ˈkʌltʃərəl dʒiˈɑːɡrəfi] - (noun) - A subfield of human geography that studies cultural norms and their variations across space and places. - Synonyms: (social geography, human geography, cultural studies)
Studying place names is an important part of cultural geography, which is one of the many subfields of human geography.
7. region [ˈriːdʒən] - (noun) - An area, especially a part of a country or the world having definable boundaries or characteristics. - Synonyms: (area, zone, district)
In fact, there's a third conceptual tool we can use to understand this. The idea of a region, which is a way of grouping and classifying similar places.
8. Perceptual region [pərˈsɛptʃuəl ˈriːdʒən] - (noun) - A region defined by people's beliefs, feelings, and attitudes about an area. - Synonyms: (conceptual area, imagined territory, mental map)
And for Denali, or the renaming of many places known to indigenous peoples, the new name signifies a new perceptual region or a region that's united by how people think about or see it.
9. colony [ˈkɒləni] - (noun) - A country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country. - Synonyms: (settlement, dependency, territory)
Similar tensions over toponyms can be found in many other places, especially those that have been colonies or part of empires at some point in their history.
10. geopolitical [ˌdʒiː.oʊ.pəˈlɪt.ɪ.kəl] - (adjective) - Relating to politics, especially international relations, as influenced by geographical factors. - Synonyms: (international relations, global politics, political relations)
Many maps and borders represent modern geopolitical divisions that have often been decided without the consultation, permission or recognition of the land's original inhabitants.
What is Human Geography? Crash Course Geography #28
Do you ever think about words and why something has a certain name? Like, this is a plant, or my nails are blue and we're filming this in Miami. But like, who decided that? For a lot of words, we probably don't think about where they come from too often. But names are important. They let us talk about things and share ideas and even build identities. By now we know geography is so much more than just knowing state names and capitals and memorizing locations. But I'll admit, geographers do often know where a lot of places are and what they're called. It turns out knowing what the capital of Indonesia is or which country first declared a glacier dead often happens as we learn about how social and physical systems interact together.
From growing bananas and potatoes to the potential effects of natural hazards we've seen, humans and our environment are always interacting together. We create rich cultures, navigate economic systems, and organize ourselves through politics. We like to build physically and metaphorically, and a lot of what we build comes from and impacts the environments around us. So for the next half of the series, we'll look at how people, power and economics combine in the world, impacting the human and non human alike. I'm Alize Carrer, and this is Crash Course Geography.
Human geography uses a combination of spatial, physical and social science to tell a complex story of the world. This story focuses on the spatial patterns of people and how we've made sense of the places we inhabit, explore, or create, like by giving them names. And as human geographers, we try to answer questions that pay special attention to the way people, power, money, buildings, and so much more are distributed in the world. Like what are the processes that shape where humans move across space? Why do humans build and trade and consume and create where they do? And why do those traits change across space? Why aren't all people and places just the same?
We've actually already used human geography tools when we've considered things like the economics of banana plantations or the relationships between people or groups of people, where one person or group has influence over another. This political power shows up when we talk about water access or the motivations for building in floodplains, for example. But the Earth is a big place, and we could use a few more tools to fully tackle human geography. In addition to tools like maps and remote sensing or soil and vegetation surveys that give us data on what makes up our physical landscapes.
The tools we'll need moving forward are actually concepts that help guide our thinking, like the idea of place, or the meaning we give a location, and the sense of belonging we derive from constructing a place physically and in our minds. Machu Picchu, or the Great Wall or Long Wall of China or the Yucatan Peninsula, or whatever name we give a place is called a toponym, and it's an important part of how we think about the place. Sort of like how my name is an important part of me. And if we dig into the history of a toponym, we'll learn the history of the location itself and see how it's changed over time and how different political and cultural forces work to create the place's identity. Like how I got my name and how it's changed, or what nicknames I've gotten can tell a part of the history of me.
In fact, studying place names is an important part of cultural geography, which is one of the many subfields of human geography. It examines how markers of our identity are visible across space, like names, language, religion, art, and dozens of other expressions. Like, let's look at the highest point in North America. It's a mountain reaching just over 6,190 meters high, known by some as Mount McKinley in what we now call Alaska. Even if we didn't know much else about this place or the space it's in, the toponym Mount McKinley already gives us some historical and cultural context. It's a reference to the 25th President of the United States, which signals this is also a place in the US or we could draw on another conceptual the concept of scale or the relationship a place has to the rest of the world.
This mountain got the name Mount McKinley from a gold prospector from Ohio who wrote about it in the New York sun newspaper in 1897, just before McKinley won the presidency. Other places in Alaska were also given names based on political figures from Ohio, other US States, and the UK which were published widely in articles and used in official maps made by people not from Alaska. A few Years later, in 1901, the Board on Geographic Names, which is a division of the United States Geological Survey, officially named the mountain Mount McKinley. And this was one of many name changes across Alaska, the US and around the world that moved the power to name the place from residents at the local scale to people with power at national and global scales without representing local residents. That being said, as we'll see throughout the rest of this series, power has a way of changing hands a lot, and local residents aren't always united.
But this majestic mountain already had a name. In fact, it had at least 30 names. The Athabascans who've lived in and around the Upper Kuskokwim river, often called it Denali, which reportedly means the tall one or the high one. And as early as 1906, there were writings that supported renaming this place Denali. But other indigenous nations who lived there had other names, and so did people descended from what we now call Russia who also lived in this place. Names can also indicate power, as pop culture has explored many times, from urban legends to wizarding worlds. And in some cultures, like the Athabascans, you do not name places or things after people, because place names are a way to describe the land and remember important details like resources or hunting techniques.
Ultimately, the people advocating to put back the name Denali had less power and influence and could be ignored. In 1917, the area around Denali became Mount McKinley National park, years before, Alaska even became a US state, which redefined the place and happened because of exactly the kind of uneven power dynamics human geographers study today. All over the world, we can see the way that power is distributed across space, in part by the toponyms we give places. The names and landmarks that are revered tell us a lot about who has the power to name and create an image of a place. So what we call a place matters because it sets up the way we imagine the space, like who owns it or what the culture should be.
As Europeans settled throughout North America, they made strong efforts to claim the space as their own by renaming places and erasing the cultures and impacts of existing groups on the landscape. In fact, there's a third conceptual tool we can use to understand this. The idea of a region, which is a way of grouping and classifying similar places. And there are different types of regions, like many of the administrative regions or regions with legal boundaries within Alaska were imposed over existing boundaries of the nations who already lived there. And for Denali, or the renaming of many places known to indigenous peoples, the new name signifies a new perceptual region or a region that's united by how people think about or see it.
Like a region that's unified around the language or cultural slang it uses or the team or cultural group it's a part of. The new name created a relationship between Ohio and Alaska. It brought the mountain and Alaska into the imagination of people in the continental US and possibly evoked a sense of patriotism by connecting Alaska to US politics, even though President McKinley had no connection to that place. Whereas at the time, the name Denali created the perception this place has a culture and history, foreign or other, to most European Americans, who held a lot of the political and cultural power. But the act of renaming also has power.
That struggle that all humans feel to see their identity reflected back to them in their landscape is what motivated Alaska Natives and non indigenous allies alike to work for decades to change the name. Back in 2015, that hard work paid off and this place was renamed Denali to reflect the peoples who have an ancestral connection to the we looked at the Denali name change and then re change as cultural geographers. But there are other big parts of human geography we could also use to explore this place and space. Political geography studies the way that power shapes the landscape, like how here in Denali there was an uneven power between those in Ohio and Washington D.C. and those in Alaska.
And if we zoom all the way out to a global scale, similar tensions over toponyms can be found in many other places, especially those that have been colonies or part of empires at some point in their history. Like in 1995 when Uluru Kata Chuda national park in Australia was made official, ending the British name of Ayers Rockmount Olga National Park. Each place is complex, but as geographers, we look for how places are connected. There are similar political and economic forces at work that help those in power show they have control over the identity of the place they're in.
So restoring the names of places is an important part of identity and cultural geography, and important political work on the local scale as a way to push against regional and global powers. Or in economic geography, we study the uneven movement of economic opportunity, like the way some opportunities, like Alaskan gold mines, don't end up making the people living near those mines wealthy. Or the way the tourist economy may change throughout the national park depending on environmental, cultural, or political factors.
And finally, in urban geography, we study the way humans build cities, like what influences create the housing and industry patterns, or the ways we can plan spaces to maximize walkable communities and the relationships between urban and rural spaces, which is still an important field in Alaska. As cities within the US grow, Alaska could have an important role as America's last frontier. Denali is just one example of a growing movement of indigenous and marginalized groups asserting their cultural understanding of the places they have spiritual, cultural, and legal rights to.
There's power in place names. There's power in how we define regions, what's in versus out and who it includes and who it excludes, which is why we see struggles over place names all over the world. Our names shape our identities, and efforts to learn about the places we call home and their histories is part of the cultural and political work we can do. To recognize who has been harmed by colonization and conquest. Learning more about economics, technology, language, religion, power and how they all move lets us tell fuller, richer stories of the earth, which we'll do more of next time when we explore cultural landscapes.
GEOGRAPHY, HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY, IDENTITY, POLITICS, ECONOMICS, CRASHCOURSE